تحطم ﻃﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭﻳﻜﺎ

ﺗﺤﻄﻤﺖ ﻃﺎﺋﺮﺓ
ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺪ ﻭﻗﺘﻞ 12 ﺷﺨﺼﺎ
ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﻠﻮﻧﻬﺎ، ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺳﻴﺎﺡ ﺍﺟﺎﻧﺐ، ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ
ﺍﻋﻠﻦ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ .  




ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻜﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﺍﺯ ‏( ﺳﻴﺴﻨﺎ 208 ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻓﺎﻥ ‏)
ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﻄﻤﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺟﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺮﺏ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﻊ ‏( ﺑﻮﻧﺘﺎ
ﺍﻳﺴﻠﻴﺘﺎ ‏) ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺩﻯﺀ، ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ
ﺍﻓﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻛﺎﺭﻟﻮﺱ ﻫﻴﺪﺍﻟﻐﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ‏( ﻓﻴﺴﺒﻮﻙ‏) .
ﻭﻧﻘﻠﺖ ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ‏( ﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭﻳﻜﺎ ﺳﺘﺎﺭ‏) ﻋﻦ ﺇﻳﻨﻴﻮ ﻛﻮﺑﻴﻠﻮ
ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭﻳﻜﺎ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺇﻥ
ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺤﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺠﺰﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺆﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﺛﻨﻴﻦ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﻢ .
ﻭﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ
ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻗﻼﻋﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻄﺎﺭ ‏(ﺧﻮﺍﻥ
ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺎﻣﺎﺭﻳﺎ ‏) ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺳﻴﻪ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ
ﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭﻳﻜﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﻄﻤﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ
ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ .
ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺷﻬﻮﺩ ﻋﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﻠﺖ
ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻓﻮﺭ ﺳﻘﻮﻃﻬﺎ 
Texas decides to sue Apple for misleading users

Texas decides to sue Apple for misleading users

According to the Daily Mail website,
Mark Miller, Chris Spearman and Craig
Stanford raised the case against Apple
and accused the US company of
misleading customers. "Apple promised
its users that the ios 10 and ios 11
updates would bring new improvements
to the iPhone 6 and 7 phones, which
would improve the performance of
those devices, and strongly encouraged
customers to accept those updates, but
Apple did not tell its customers that
they had deliberately designed those
updates To slow down the processing
speed of devices to correct a defect in
the battery, and then Apple happily on
the money of customers when they
had to buy new iPhone phones, because
of dissatisfaction with the
performance of Hua Understand the
current. " The decision came one day
after the US company issued an
unprecedented apology after it
admitted to manipulating the iPhone's
old phones. All US lawsuits filed in US
District Courts in California, New York
and Illinois seek collective action to
represent millions of iPhone users
nationwide

أغرب الصور بتقنية 3D

صور رائعة بتقنية 3d










How to Ride a Bicycle

Do you want to go outside and ride a
bike? Are you trying to teach
someone else ? Many adults never got
the chance to learn and many kids
want to learn. There’s no reason to
be embarrassed. Instead, get eager
to start one of the healthiest and
most satisfying forms of self-
transportation possible. It requires
preparation, technique, and a little
falling, but anyone can learn how to
ride a bicycle.




Find a suitable location. When
you’re learning, you want to
find a place that’s comfortable
and far from traffic. A good
place to start is a flat, smooth
stretch of ground such as your
driveway or your sidewalk. Those
who don’t have space at home can
practice in a parking lot or park.
[1]
Starting off on grass or
smooth gravel helps since
falls there hurt less. These
surfaces make balancing and
pedaling harder though.
If you plan on practicing
balance and pedaling on
hills, find locations with
gentle slopes.
Check your local laws to see
if it is legal to ride on
sidewalks or other paths.


Wear riding clothing. Knee
and elbow pads insulate
joints and protect against
scrapes, so they are recommended
for all riders. Long-sleeved shirts
and long pants also help protect
against falls and can be combined
with pads.
Avoid baggy pants and long
skirts. These may get caught
in the gears and tires.
Avoid open-toed shoes.
These leave your feet
exposed to the bike and
ground.


Put on a helmet. Helmets are
recommended for beginners
and experienced bike riders alike.
You never know when an accident
will happen. A broken bone can
usually be fixed, but head trauma,
common in bicycle accidents,
leaves a lasting impact. Also, some
areas have laws requiring riders
to wear helmets. [2]
Helmets are measured to fit
the head. A good one fits
tightly and comes down to
an inch (two and a half
centimeters) above your
eyebrows. It will also have
straps that keep your helmet
tight while still letting you
move your mouth.
Commuter helmets are one
common type. They are
rounded, made of foam and
plastic, and can be found
online or in retail stores
where bikes are available. [3]
Road helmets are elongated
and often have vents.
They’re also made with foam
and plastic but are popular
on roads or in competitive
racing. Seek them online or
in retail stores. [4]
Youth (age 10-15), child
(age 5-10), and toddler
(under 5) helmets are all
smaller commuter or road
helmets. Toddler helmets are
the only ones with more
foam.
Mountain bike helmets and
professional sports helmets
come with visors and neck
bracing for tough off-road
conditions.


Adjust the bike seat. Lower
the bike seat far enough
that whoever's riding can put
both of their feet flat on the
ground while seated. A low seat
allows you to stop yourself with
your feet before you fall. Adults
don’t need to use training wheels,
but young children can use these
or specialty balance bikes. [7]
It is possible to remove the
pedals to keep them out of
the way, but it isn’t
required.


Start gliding. Rather than
pedal, push yourself off by
foot. Tuck your feet upwards and
onto the pedals. While in motion,
maintain the bike’s balance as
long as you can. Once you feel
the bike beginning to tip, catch it
by putting one foot to the
ground, then push off again.


Start pedaling. Start with
one foot on the ground. Your
other foot should be flat on a
pedal pointed upwards. Push off,
put that foot on the other pedal,
and go! Keep going as long as you
can maintain balance.
Going faster makes
balancing easier, but don’t
go so fast that you lose
control.

ميا خليفة والعمل الجديد بعد الإعتزال

جديد ميا خليفة



فيديوهات جديدة لسنة 2018

mia khalifa's work
akon Change Comes" (feat. David Guetta)

akon Change Comes" (feat. David Guetta)


  • Hanging around outside the club
  • Wishing everyone knew he was
  • But that day soon comes
  • Steady trying to get some love
  • No one cares when you ain't got none
  • When you get it they all come
  • They'll say you won't make it.
  • Judge you from your past
  • They'll say that you are nothing
  • You was raised way too fast
  • Even say you can't take it
  • Your success won't last
  • But let me tell you something, yeah
  • Don't you believe them
  • 'Cause that's just the way it is
  • We're gonna change that tonight
  • Some things will never change
  • We're gonna change that tonight
  • 'Cause that's just the way it is
  • We're gonna change that tonight
  • Never felt so alive
  • Like I do tonight
  • I've got this feeling in my heart
  • That it's all gonna change
  • Up against all odds
  • And still we own the night
  • I've got that feeling in my heart
  • That it's all gonna change here tonight
  • So toast it up, toast it up.
  • If you've got that feeling that it's all
  • gonna change here tonight
  • So toast it up, toast it up.
  • If you've got that feeling that it's all
  • gonna change
  • Just sing
  • Ohhhhh...
  • Met a girl who was once in love
  • And never thought she'd be alone
  • But that day soon comes
  • Her boyfriend left her for another
  • Now she's pregnant with his son
  • She ain't the only one
  • Going through rough times
  • Under the city nights
  • Even sold her body to keep on the lights
  • Searching for that love
  • Her daddy didn't provide
  • She found a pimp and he's that guy
  • Smacked her up and told her
  • She won't make it
  • Judged her from her past
  • Told her that she was nothing
  • She was raised way too fast
  • Even say she can't take it
  • Her success won't last
  • But let me tell you something, yeah
  • Don't you believe them
  • 'Cause that's just the way it is
  • We're gonna change that tonight
  • Some things will never change
  • We're gonna change that tonight
  • 'Cause that's just the way it is
  • We're gonna change that tonight
  • Never felt so alive
  • Like I do tonight
  • I've got this feeling in my heart
  • That it's all gonna change
  • Up against all odds
  • And still we own the night
  • I've got that feeling in my heart
  • That it's all gonna change here tonight
  • So toast it up, toast it up.
  • If you've got that feeling that it's all
  • gonna change here tonight
  • So toast it up, toast it up.
  • If you've got that feeling that it's all
  • gonna change
  • Just sing
  • Ohhhhh...
  • Hanging around outside the club
  • Wishing everyone knew he was
  • But that day soon comes
akon "Take It Down Low" (feat. Chris Brown)

akon "Take It Down Low" (feat. Chris Brown)


  • I like that
  • You like that?
  • Yeah, I like that
  • You like that?
  • Yeah, I like that
  • You like that?
  • Yeah, I like that
  • [Verse 1: Akon]
  • Stop it now
  • I'm turned on
  • Is that your girl?
  • Then why she's watching us?
  • She wanna leave
  • I'm ready to go
  • We can go out the back
  • So don't nobody know
  • Look at you girl
  • She's all over me,
  • Nicky minaj be my little friend
  • The baddest bitch up in the club,
  • If you're looking forward
  • Sure you're looking for me to let me love
  • Let me love you, girl
  • Show me love
  • Let me love you, girl
  • Show me love
  • Let me love you, girl
  • Let me love
  • Before I take you home
  • You gotta take it low
  • [Chorus:]
  • Take it down, take it down
  • Take it down low!
  • Take it down, take it down
  • Take it down low!
  • Take it down, take it down
  • Take it down low!
  • Take it down, take it down
  • Take it down low!
  • You like that?
  • Yeah, I like that
  • You like that
  • Yeah, I like that
  • You like that?
  • Yeah, I like that
  • [Verse 2: Akon]
  • I'm a millionaire
  • You can call me quinter
  • I'm a eat ya, the meet ya then teach ya
  • Kama sutra
  • You don't need your computer, girl
  • I'm a be your tutor
  • If your man fucking you right,
  • HE'S A LOSER!
  • Take ya home, we fool around,
  • Rub all your body
  • Then I'll lay you down
  • Me want you,
  • You want me,
  • Like your favorite song
  • Put it on repeat
  • Let me love you, girl
  • Show me love
  • Let me love you, girl
  • Show me love
  • Let me love you, girl
  • Let me love
  • Before I take you home
  • You gotta take it low
  • [Chorus:]
  • Take it down, take it down
  • Take it down low!
  • Take it down, take it down
  • Take it down low!
  • Take it down, take it down
  • Take it down low!
  • Take it down, take it down
  • Take it down low!
  • [Verse 3: Chris Brown]
  • She's all about
  • Watch her breaking down
  • Her booty swirl
  • Her ass shake the ground, pop that
  • booty now
  • Pop that, pop that booty now
  • Pop that booty now
  • Pop that, pop that booty now!
  • Breezy in this bitch, I make them yell, I
  • make they holler
  • What you're talking about?
  • Hell yeah, I got them dollars
  • And money on their mind
  • Money money on their mind
  • And my presidents is going in the air
  • when she whines on my
  • Body mile she's from the south she's
  • dancing on my room
  • After that I give her more and she
  • dances on pole
  • Up and down just like her go
  • Give her a moment and then she'll go
  • On the floor, on the floor,
  • Take it down, take it down, down low
  • For all the stupids on my hitlist
  • Watch how many rags I blow
  • They say this look is best for my...
  • I know, I know, I know
  • And I've got 'em all taking off their
  • clothes
  • And I've got 'em all working on that
  • pose
  • I'm the bomb like napalm, Akon what
  • you're waiting on, LEHGGOO
  • [Chorus:]
  • Take it down, take it down
  • Take it down low!
  • Take it down, take it down
  • Take it down low!
  • Take it down, take it down
  • Take it down low!
  • Take it down, take it down
  • Take it down low!
  • You like that?
  • Yeah, I like that
  • You like that
  • Yeah, I like that
  • You like that?
  • Yeah, I like that
  • Take it low girl
  • Take it low girl
  • Oh yeah
akon "Time Is Money" (feat. Big Meech)

akon "Time Is Money" (feat. Big Meech)


  • This Big Meech from the richest black
  • muthafucking gang in the world
  • My nigga always say, there’s only two
  • things a nigga can do for you
  • You either got time or money, can’t have
  • em both
  • Nigga with money, don't have no time
  • Nigga with time, don’t have no money
  • We don’t have a lot of time around here
  • – cause time is money
  • [Verse 1 - Akon]
  • Give me one minute, cause you tripping
  • Too much time on your hands, you
  • slipping
  • Why you focused on all this dealing?
  • When niggas coming in through the back
  • door stealing?
  • Crib on the hill: now that’s good living
  • Harder to reach when you make your
  • first million
  • So much money gotta stack to the
  • ceiling
  • And I’mma keep doing this forever, God-
  • willing
  • Real niggas like me don’t catch feelings
  • Only broke niggas be out there grilling
  • Say you getting money but you ain’t
  • even tipping
  • A big-booty girl in front of you dipping
  • Fronting like you really doing all that
  • shipping
  • Man you gotta be, gotta be kidding
  • Don’t even try cause my weapon is
  • hidden
  • My nigga is ready to do some killing
  • [Hook - Akon]
  • I’mma tell you just one time: give me
  • what’s mine
  • Cause I don’t have time to waste
  • I’ll be on my grind, money on my mind
  • And I won’t stop getting paid
  • Living this life of mine
  • I don’t know if you really got what it
  • takes
  • Hustling’s in my blood and it just won’t
  • go away
  • Time, money, time, money
  • Nigga with money, don’t have no time
  • Nigga with time, don’t have no money
  • [Verse 2 - Akon]
  • ‘Kon live in one year, made millions
  • Everybody got money: nigga, we chillin
  • Ain’t got no time: it’s some bad feelings
  • Especially when you want a little sexual
  • healing
  • Girlfriend’s pulling, family’s pulling
  • In every direction, everybody need
  • money
  • My lifestyle redefine how they all living
  • If I keep it up I’ll be broke in a minute
  • My kinfolk’s on the block and they
  • dealing
  • All my goons are still out there killing
  • Man I be running, got no time to be
  • skipping
  • Trying to hit a home run in the 9th
  • inning
  • Meech locked up, copped out, for a killing
  • Taking care of mine, San Quen chilling
  • That’s my homie, you can trust that
  • nigga
  • Just a matter of time before I get back
  • with him
  • [Hook - Akon]
  • I’mma tell you just one time: give me
  • what’s mine
  • Cause I don’t have time to waste
  • I’ll be on my grind, money on my mind
  • And I don’t stop getting paid
  • Living this life of mine
  • I don’t really know if you really got what
  • it takes
  • Hustling’s in my blood and it just won’t
  • go away
  • Time, money, time, money
  • Nigga with money, don’t have no time
  • Nigga with time, don’t have no money
  • [Verse 3 - Akon]
  • Gotta look out for haters if you wanna
  • be blockin’
  • Look out for stick up kids that be
  • robbin’
  • Look out for ladies with their hands in
  • your pocket
  • If you don’t, you’ll be the next hot topic
  • Don’t wanna be the next one dropping
  • 6 feet deep like conans coffin
  • I’d rather see you out there flossing
  • Love to see another brother getting it
  • poppin
  • Chase that paper, don’t you wait up
  • Get your money nigga, fuck them haters
  • Everybody complain about your time
  • You ain't got none? Find a way to make
  • it up later
  • Cause I ain't got time for all that
  • And you ain't got time for all that
  • And I don’t wanna waste your time
  • On behalf of BMF bring Meech back!
  • Time is money, time is money
  • Time is money, time is money
  • Time money, time money
  • time is money
  • Time money, time money
  • Nigga with money, don’t have no time
  • Nigga with time, don’t have no money
  • Nigga with money, don’t have no time
  • Nigga with time, don’t have no money
akon  "Kill The Dance (Got Something For Ya)" lyrics

akon "Kill The Dance (Got Something For Ya)" lyrics

Cho! Must be Kardinal!
Yo! J.A. (Yeah!) T Dot (Ho!) New York
(Yeah!) Puerto Rico (Ho!)
England (Yeah!) Germany (Ho!) All
Japanese dem to, cho!
[Verse 1: Kardinal Offishall] :
Aiyyo! B-boy stance in di dance so we s-
ay
Mr. Kardinal dun know don't pl-ay
Haffi buss a n*t every a** gon' d-ay
Don't mix up wid no f****t nor g-ay
Buss two shot inna di air ok-ay
Bun up everyting from here to Mo B-ay
Cool yuh perform nuh bodda wid di lay l-
ay
Bun up di whole T Dot inna di pl-ace
Deal wid di girls nuh bodda watch nuh f-
ace
Gal steppin out we have to deal wid di c-
ase
Bad bwoy Kardinal front a di r-ace
Love all mi gal dem in di black l-ace
This just a small ting one likkle t-aste
Tek a likkle sample no time fi w-aste
Mix up di treble and tun up di b-ass
Mr. celebrity face let's go!
[Chorus: Akon]
Always around when u call
Always around leave the fun
Turn around sh**'s enough
Believe me 'dey wont get funk
C'mon i got something for ya
(GUNSHOT)
C'mon i got something for ya
(GUNSHOT)
C'mon i got something for ya
(GUNSHOT)
C'mon i got something for ya
[Verse 2: Akon]
Represent convict music, Akon (Who
dat?) A.K
Recognize bwoy we don't play
Do it like this each and every day (Uh
huh!)
So please stay in your place
Hate to find you with no face
Better yet gone with no trace
Other words please don't start no beef
Now sip on your Chardonnay
If the girls tipsy then fade away
I can tell that you wanna play
Cause it's written all over your face
From here it's back to the block
(Uh huh!) Hopefully not back to the
glock
(Uh huh!) Got it made up but what if
them cop
If I don't get popped by them crooked
a** cops, no!
[Chorus: Akon]
Always around when u call
Always around leave the fun
Turn around sh**'s enough
Believe me 'dey wont get funk
C'mon i got something for ya
(GUNSHOT)
C'mon i got something for ya
(GUNSHOT)
C'mon i got something for ya
(GUNSHOT)
C'mon i got something for ya
[Verse 3: Kardinal Offishall]
Aiyyo light up di place when di whole
place sh-ine
Let me see somethin gal (Wine gal wine)
Look yuh own gal nuh bodda touch m-ine
Everybody show me a sign (Cho!)
Are you a Scorpio? (No!) Taurus?
(Yeah!)
Middle finger up real high inna di air
Jook dat gal a like yuh just don't care
Brush dat bwoy deh if him caan stop
stare
Throw out yuh Pumas or yuh Nike Air
Mi nuh really bizniz weh yuh waan wear
Show mi yuh cellular mi nuh dat yuh bare
Whether yuh G string or yuh skin bare
Eat up yuh heart and come follow m-e
Mr. Kardinal inna di place to b-e
Hair stay nice and yuh part cool-ie
Huh, buss di dance let me s-ee, Kardinal
[Chorus: Akon]
Always around when u call
Always around leave the fun
Turn around sh**'s enough
Believe me 'dey wont get funk
C'mon i got something for ya
(GUNSHOT)
C'mon i got something for ya
(GUNSHOT)
C'mon i got something for ya
(GUNSHOT)
C'mon i got something for ya
Always around when u call
Always around leave the fun
Turn around sh**'s enough
Believe me 'dey wont get funk
C'mon i got something for ya
(GUNSHOT)
C'mon i got something for ya
(GUNSHOT)
C'mon i got something for ya
(GUNSHOT)

  1. C'mon i got something for ya
Akon Lyrics slow motion

Akon Lyrics slow motion

Akon Lyrics

"Slow Motion"
(feat. Money J)
[Chorus:]
Keep slurring keep pawing swerving out
of control
Stevie Wonder's own eyes damn near
closed
Rockin' native, thigh slidin' on them
dudes foes
Fuck the speed limit bitch I'm living life
in slow mo
I'm living like a slow mo
Stevie Wonder's own eyes damn near
closed
Rockin' native, thigh slidin' on them
dudes foes
Fuck the speed limit bitch I'm living life
in slow mo
Slow motion, I left my last girl heart
broken
I'm jeep lowing down with the doors open
Policy lonely is start pooring
Yeah my car old school but my bitch is
foreign
This is the life of a young boss
On 85 getting head with my top off
BBS TV in my Sprinter
Balling on these niggas I'm a spring in
the winter
Ball with the team baby girl we're some
winners
Fucking with them lanes which you see
them niggas
Got my Stevie Wonder's on I ain't seein'
me niggas
Killing these rappers, RPME nigga
[Chorus:]
Keep slurring keep pawing swerving out
of control
Stevie Wonder's own eyes damn near
closed
Rockin' native, thigh slidin' on them
dudes foes
Fuck the speed limit bitch I'm living life
in slow mo
I'm living like a slow mo
Stevie Wonder's own eyes damn near
closed
Rockin' native, thigh slidin' on them
dudes foes
Fuck the speed limit bitch I'm living life
in slow mo
Moving slow in this McLaren so they all
can see me
Nigga waiting out of tune, shit is so easy
I'm living life, I'm on top of mine
And there's nobody here on Earth could
ever stop my grind
Say slow money, it's better than make it
none at all
So I'm taking my time because I'm need
it all
Paper chasing, getting money you on
another level
But still I'm rocking with them goons and
them fucking rebels
Ain't a movie a spril life, I really live it
If you heard me talk about it then I
probably did it
Real talk slow down take your time homie
Go hard, go home when it's time homie
[Chorus:]
Keep slurring keep pawing swerving out
of control
Stevie Wonder's own eyes damn near
closed
Rockin' native, thigh slidin' on them
dudes foes
Fuck the speed limit bitch I'm living life
in slow mo
I'm living like a slow mo
Stevie Wonder's own eyes damn near
closed
Rockin' native, thigh slidin' on them
dudes foes
Fuck the speed limit bitch I'm living life
in slow mo
Slow motion, fuck the speed limit slow mo
I like a life skin bitch 5-4
Got my true religions on with the bank
roll
Got your girl live long like a feel go
Real dough, I give dough
That 72 Chevelle made me feel hoe
Behold, say I've conceeded
In my ever bullshit and no need me
Kill me on the east with a lot of two
little spices and some jolly rinces
All black cars like the fucking black
pimpers
I smoke so many poes that I might catch
cancer
[Chorus:]
Keep slurring keep pawing swerving out
of control
Stevie Wonder's own eyes damn near
closed
Rockin' native, thigh slidin' on them
dudes foes
Fuck the speed limit bitch I'm living life
in slow mo
I'm living like a slow mo
Stevie Wonder's own eyes damn near
closed
Rockin' native, thigh slidin' on them
dudes foes
Fuck the speed limit bitch I'm living life

  • in slow mo
دور الشباب في الحياة العامة

دور الشباب في الحياة العامة

  • ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ
  • ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ، ﻣﻊ ﻗﺎﺩﺓ
  • ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺭ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻧﻲ،
  • ﻭﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺟﺮﻭ، ﻭﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ
  • ﺻﺎﻟﺢ، ﻭﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺑﻮﺷﺎﻣﺔ،
  • ﻭﺛﻮﻗﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﺸﺎﻭﻱ ﺣﻴﺚ
  • ﺗﺤﺪﺛﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮﺍﺭﻧﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻦ
  • ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ
  • ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻛﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ،
  • ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﻖ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ
  • ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ
  • ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ،
  • ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ، ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ،
  • ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ
  • ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ
  • ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ
  • ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ
  • ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ
  • ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ
  • ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ .
  • ﺗﺎﻟﻴﺎً ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻟﻸﺑﺮﺯ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ
  • ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ
  • ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ: ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﺳﻴﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻜﻢ
  • ﺭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ، ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ .
  • ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ، ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ
  • ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ
  • ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ
  • ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻓﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻛﺪ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻉ
  • ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ
  • ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻫﻤﻬﺎ
  • ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﻞ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻀﻞ ﻣﺘﻤﺴﻜﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ .
  • ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ
  • ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻦ ﺗﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ،
  • ﻓﺎﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺰﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻫﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻡ
  • ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺘﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
  • ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ، ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺘﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ
  • ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ .
  • ﺍﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺰﺑﻴﺔ
  • ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﺃﻓﺎﻗﺎ ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ
  • ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺻﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ
  • ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺒﻠﻪ ﻟﻸﺧﺮ ﻭﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ
  • ﺑﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ .
  • ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻯ
  • ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ؛ ﻷﻧّﻪ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺗﺤﺮﻛﻪ، ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺎً
  • ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ
  • ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ
  • ﻭﺿﺮﻭﺓ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﻦ
  • ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ
  • ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ :ـ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻛﻮﺗﺎ
  • ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻻﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ
  • ﻭﻛﻮﺗﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺗﺤﺘﺮﻡ ﺗﻤﺜﻠﻴﺔ
  • ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ
  • ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﺘﻢ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ
  • ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ
  • ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻫﻢ .
  • ﺗﺘﻀﺢ ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ:
  • - ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ
  • ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺣﺎﺳﻤﺔ، ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺰﺃ ﻣﻦ
  • ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ .
  • - ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ
  • ﻛﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺃﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ، ﻭﻣﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ
  • ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺸﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﺎ .
  • - ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ،
  • ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ
  • ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ .
  • - ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻧﻴﺔ، ﻛﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻠﻢ
  • ﻭﺛﺎﺋﻘﻲ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ
  • ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺫﻭ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ .
  • - ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ،
  • ﻛﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻰ
  • ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺴﻴﺮ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ .
  • - ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺷﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻞ
  • ﻭﻧﻘﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ، ﻭﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ؛
  • ﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ .
  • - ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ،
  • ﻛﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﻦ ﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺰﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ، ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ
  • ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ .
  • - ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻋﺎﺕ
  • ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﺎﺟﺔ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﺘﻬﺪﺩ
  • ﻭﻗﻒ ﺍﻧﺸﻄﺘﻬﺎ .
  • - ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ،
  • ﻛﺰﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ ﻭﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺡ ﻭﺍﻷﺗﺮﺍﺡ .
  • - ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ
  • ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ، ﻭﺗﺒﺎﺩﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺑﺘﻌﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ
  • ﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ .
  • - ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﻭﺇﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻪ، ﻣﻦ
  • ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ .
  • - ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ
  • ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻪ، ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ
  • ﻓﺪﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﻮﻃﻦ، ﻭﻳﺮﺧﺼﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﻧﻔﻴﺲ .
  • - ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ
  • ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ
  • ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺳﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ
  • ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻧﺼﺎﺋﺢ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ .
  • - ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ
  • ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ، ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺨﺘﺎﺭﻭﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ، ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ
  • ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ؛ ﻷﻥّ ﺻﻮﺗﻬﻢ ﻗﻮﻱ .
  • - ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺽ
  • ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻴﺔ، ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ
  • ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻹﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ
  • ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻛﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ 

how to find someone.

Write down all the vital
information you know about
this person. Trying to find
somebody using their name alone
will probably cast too wide a net.
Make your hunt more targeted by
including information such as:
Full name and nickname
Age and date of birth
Schools attended
Hobbies, likes and dislikes,
team sports (especially at
schools)
Places of work
Old addresses and phone
numbers
Friends, family members,
and neighbors


 

Search for variations on the
person’s name and/or
nickname. Every time you find a
page or clue that suggests other
parts of the profile, write it down
in the profile. For example, you
might find "Bea Harrington"
mentioned in a newspaper in
Albany, NY and a “Beatrice R.
Harrington” in a brochure in
Dallas, TX. Write down both of
those locations in the profile with
question marks. If you find
another indication that the
person with that name is in one
of those locations, put a tick next
to that location every time.
To pull up exact matches
only, put quotation marks
around each version of their
name. (If you’re unsure as
to spelling, don’t use
quotation marks.) Plug it
into major search engines
(Google, Yahoo, etc.); the
more variations and engines
you try, the more info
you're likely to find.
If you suspect that the
person has gone to another
country, especially one
where a different language
is spoken, try a foreign
search engine. Many major
search engines have
different versions for
different countries
(Australia, China, etc.). Try
those.
When searching for a woman
who might have gotten
married and changed her
name, try adding "né" in the
search box with every
variation (née is a word used
to indicate that the person
is using their maiden name)



Vary your online searches by
including other details about
the person. After you’ve done a
full sweep on the person’s name
and nickname, do a second with a
slight modification such as their
hometown, age, high school,
former workplace, etc. Repeat as
necessary.
If you know of a particular
website this person may be
associated with, you can
search within the site on
Google with something like
"site: stanford.edu Beatrice
Harrington" to focus on
those results.


Use a search engine designed
specifically to find people.
These allow anyone to perform
people searches. Try
ZabaSearch.com or Pipl.com, for
example. Use filters to narrow
your results when applicable.
Lost Trekkers is another
place to find lost people.
Choose the country, mode of
transport or other option,
and leave the details in the
relevant forum. You will need
to register to place an ad.
You can search through
existing posts to see who
might be looking for you or
the same person you're
looking for.


Search for the person’s last
known cell phone number.
Since cells are mobile and their
numbers can be transferred to
new phones or providers, people’s
cell numbers are much less likely
to change them their home
numbers. Though reverse-tracking
a cell phone number usually costs
money, you might get lucky by
simply searching for the number
on various search engines. If the
person has listed or advertised
their phone number anywhere on
the Internet, it's likely to turn up.
Put the entire phone number in
quotes and experiment with
hyphens, periods, and parentheses
to separate the numbers.
In the US, a phone’s three-
digit area code can be
traced back the location
where a cell phone was
issued, which might help you
pinpoint another area where
the person has lived or
worked. The next three digits
of the number are the
exchange area; most
exchange areas cover a small
town, or a section inside a
city, say a 10 x 10 block
area. You can contact the
phone companies in that
area, or get a phone book
from the area, and make a
map of the exchange area,
based on like exchanges in
the book. If you have a
phone number and ZIP code,
you can cross over the maps
and get an even smaller
area to search.


 Search social networking
sites. Some people specify
that they don’t want their public
profiles to appear in search
engine results, in which case you’ll
need to go straight to the source.
Try searching things like Myspace,
Facebook, LinkedIn, and Google
profiles. If given the option, be
sure to narrow down the results
by specifying a hometown or
school, etc. To search all the
major social networking sites
simultaneously, use a search
engine like Wink.com.

How to Find a Lost iPhone

To find your IPHONE

Open Find My iPhone on
another device. Do so by
launching the app on a mobile
device or going to iCloud in a web browser .



Sign in with your Apple ID.
Use the Apple ID and
password that you used into your
own iPhone.
If the app is on a device
that belongs to another
person, you may need to tap
Sign Out in the upper-right
corner of the app screen in
order to sign in with your
own Apple ID.

 


Tap your iPhone. It should
appear in a list of devices
below the map. The location of
your phone will be displayed on
the map.
If the phone has been
powered off or the battery
has died, it will show you the
last known location of your
phone.


Tap Actions . It's at the
bottom-center of the
screen.

Tap Play Sound . It's in
the bottom-left corner of
the screen. If your iPhone is
nearby, it will play


Tap Lost Mode . It's at
the bottom-center of the
screen. Use this option if your
iPhone is lost in a place where it
could be found by someone else or
if you think it's been stolen.
Enter an unlock code for
your phone. Use a random
number set that's not tied
to you: no SSN, no
birthdate, driver's license
number, or anything that is
personal.
Send a message and contact
phone number that will be
displayed on your screen.
If your iPhone is online, it
will immediately lock and
cannot be reset without the
lock code. You'll be able to
see your phone's current
location, as well as any
changes in location.
If your phone is offline, it
will lock immediately on
power-up. You'll receive an
email notification and will be
able to track your phone's
position.
Back up your iPhone to
iCloud or iTunes on a regular
basis, in case you ever need
to restore erased data

How to Seduce a Woman

Seduction is all about paying
attention to someone's else's needs
and moving forward accordingly. If
you want to seduce a woman, spend
time getting to know her, set an
appropriate atmosphere, and move
slowly while getting physical.


 



Go slow. Seduction is all
about timing. Part of what
makes a person want another
person is the anticipation. When
you meet a woman you're
interested in, proceed slowly. Wait
a bit to approach her and start
off by listening more than you
talk. Do not reveal your intention
right away as this might be off-
putting. Move slowly, at least at
first.



Dress up . If you want a
woman to notice you, you'll
have to dress your best. Work on
dressing up if you expect to see
someone you're attracted to at a
bar, party, or other event.
Choose nice, flattering
clothing. If you're worried
your current wardrobe is too
drab, go to a department
store. You can ask a sales
consultant to help you
choose an outfit that's
flattering for your body.
Remember, it's sexy to be
yourself. Strive to look your
best on your own terms.
That is, do not shave if you
enjoy having a beard or
dress in a suit where you're
more of a button down guy.
You won't feel comfortable
if you're not behaving like
yourself. This is something
your date can easily sense
and confidence is key to
seduction. [2]
Take a shower before you go
out and consider using a bit
of cologne. Too much could
be overpowering, but a dab
of a classy scent can help


Listen to her. When you
approach a woman, try to
listen. People tend to be
attracted to those who seem
interested in them. Rather than
boasting about your own
accomplishment and telling all
your own stories, try listening
instead.
Try to ask more questions
than you answer. Simple ice
breaking questions are nice.
Try things like "What do you
do for living?" and "Where
did you grow up?" [3]
Always convey that you're
listening. Smile, nod, and
occasionally offer
commentary like "Uh-huh"
or "Yeah." Ask follow up
questions as well. Ask for
clarification or further
details on stories and
personal information.
Sexual attraction is tied to
personality. Getting to know
a person well can actually
enhance your sexual feelings
for that person. If you do
end up successfully seducing
a woman, you might enjoy
the sexual encounter more if
you know the person wel


Be confident. Confidence is
something most people are
attracted to. Being comfortable
with yourself will draw other
people to you. Try to proceed with
confidence while you interact with
the women you' desire.
Remember, there's a fine
line between confidence and
egomania. Dominating the
conversation to brag is off-
putting. However, it's fine
to take pride in what you do
for a living, where you're
from, and other details
about yourself she might ask
for. [5]
Make her laugh. Many people
are attracted to people with
a healthy sense of humor.
Try to crack an appropriate
joke during your encounter
to see if you can impress her
with your comedic side


Use body language to flirt.
Direct and confident body
language can signal your interest.
Try using cues to show a woman
you're attracted to her and
interested in getting physical.
Stand up straight. Keep your
head up and with your
shoulders pulled back. Do not
fold your arms or hold a
drink across your chest.
Signal in every way you're
feeling confident. [7]
Find ways to break the touch
barrier flirtatiously. Take a
woman's hand to lead her
around a bar or wherever
you meet her. Guide her by
placing your hand on the
small of her back. Try and
slowly get a woman more
comfortable with your touch.


How to Grow a Sandalwood Tree

Sandalwood is highly valued for its
aromatic scent, which is used in
incense and perfume. Tropical Indian
sandalwood and temperate dryland
Australian sandalwood are two
varieties that are commonly grown.
Once established, sandalwood is a
sensuous and potentially profitable
tree to grow. Select an appropriate
site to plant your sandalwood, then
germinate and transplant your seeds.
After your trees are established, give
them appropriate care to keep them
healthy.

 


Pick a sunny climate with
moderate rainfall.
Sandalwood does best in places
with lots of sun, moderate
rainfall, and fairly dry weather
for part of the year. They prefer
a temperature range of 12°-30°
C (53°-86° F). The annual
rainfall should be in the range of
850-1200 millimeters (33-47
inches). [1]
In terms of altitude, they
can handle anything between
360 and 1350 meters
(1181-4429 feet), but prefer
moderate altitudes of
between 600 and 1050 meters
(1968-3444 feet). [
 

Choose soil with adequate
drainage. Avoid any soil that
has experienced waterlogging,
which sandalwood does not
tolerate. [3] If you are planting in
a sandy soil, make sure the water
doesn’t drain too quickly. [4]
Sandalwood prefers red
ferruginous loam.
Sandalwood can also be
planted in sandy soils, red
clay soils, and vertisols. [5]
Vertisol is a type of clay-
rich black soil that contracts
dramatically in dry weather,
creating deep mud-cracks.
The soil pH should be
between 6.0 and 7.5.
Sandalwood tolerates rocky
ground and gravelly soil.



Plant sandalwood beside a
suitable host species.
Sandalwood can only thrive if it
grows alongside another plant
that produces fixed nitrogen, a
type of natural fertilizer. The
sandalwood tree connects its root
system to that of the host tree in
order to get the nutrients it
needs. Ideally, you should plant
your sandalwood next to an
already-established host species,
such as long-lived wattles (acacia
trees) or casuarinas (a genus of
tropical evergreens, including
ironwoods and sheoaks). [6]
If you need to plant a host
species, space them between
the sandalwood trees at
intervals of 1.6-2 meters
(5.2-6.5 feet). [7]
Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea)
is another good host species
for sandalwood trees.

how to be smart

How to Be Smart
Intelligence isn't just something
you're born with; you can make
yourself smarter with a little bit of
hard work! To be smart, exercise your
brain with puzzles and creative tasks,
develop your people skills, learn as
much as you can about as much as
you can, and continually strive to
broaden your horizons by keeping an
open mind and stepping outside your
comfort zone. Increasing your
intelligence may seem difficult, but
as long as you have an eagerness to
learn, it's a very doable goal.


 



Work on puzzles like the
Rubik's cube. Doing puzzles
like these will keep your brain
working and increase your mental
capabilities. Your brain is a
muscle: you have to exercise it!
Sudoku is a great puzzle to
try to solve and it expands
your thinking. These can be
purchased in books, are
often printed in
newspapers,and are easily
found for free online.



Do artistic activities.
Drawing , sculpting , painting
and other arts unleash your
creative side and expand your
problem solving skills. A creative
brain can think outside the box to
find ways to get things done
better and faster.


Do math . Learn how to do
mental sums or speed math.
The hard thinking that is required
for math will make your brain
work hard and help develop the
connections that will help you
think better and faster.


Write stories or poetry .
Creative writing forces your
brain to work on inventing
situations and dialogue,
characters and environments. This
will make you a better thinker and
help you process information.
Using language like this will also
improve your vocabulary and
speech. Writing is also a fantastic
way of expressing yourself and
your thoughts.

Learn to listen carefully to
others' opinions about
controversial things, or things
they know about and you do not.
You do not have to agree with
them but remember everybody
has something to teach you.
Asking questions may allow you to
re-evaluate your own beliefs, or
point out the flaws in theirs. Keep
an open mind. The more intelligent
you are the more questions you
will ask of the people around you.


How to Make 100 Dollars in a Week

How to Make 100 Dollars in a Week

Many Americans find themselves
needing cash for various expenditures
in their teenage years. Most part-
time jobs, however, will either hire
applicants over 18 years old, or simply
will not hire teens, making earning
quick money difficult. There are still
ways, however, teens can make
money. With the proper planning, you
can be well on your way to $100 in a
week.


There are a variety ways to
make cash outside. If you aren’t
afraid of getting your hands
dirty, try a few of the following
suggestions:
A popular gig for teenagers
is lawn care. If your family
has a mower and a weed
eater, ask if you can use
them to make a little cash.
People often hire teens
because they want to help
out the neighborhood kids,
and it is a much cheaper
alternative to professional
landscaping companies.
Think about the season
you're in. For example, if it
may snow, advertise snow
shoveling. If it is summer,
advertise lawn mowing
instead. If you live
somewhere with a lot of
pollen, there is always an
opportunity to wash cars.
Look for your riches in the
fence-line. Fences are
always in need of a little
repair or upkeep. Paint or
stain your way to riches.
Look for fences in disrepair
and see if the owner would
be willing to pay you for a
little time getting boards
nailed or screwed in
straight.

 

become a tutor . Find your
expertise, develop a way to
get your point across, and find
your potential clients. It may
seem outrageous, but tutoring in
an extreme case has pulled in
$1,250-an-hour [4] Typical
tutoring services, however, start
somewhere between $10 and $15
an hour. [5] Start with the kids in
your classes who may be
struggling academically, and you
may soon be on your way to
quick, big money.



Many people are too busy to
do the simplest things like get
groceries, pick up dry cleaning, or
transcribe a page of text. Sign on
to a site like TaskRabbit, Fiverr,
or Zaarly and look for the jobs
you can complete in your area.

How to Know if Your Girlfriend Wants to Have Sex With You

How to Know if Your
Girlfriend Wants to Have Sex
With You




If you've been with your girlfriend
for a long time -- or not so long --
and are ready to take your
relationship to a more intimate level,
you must be wondering if she's
feeling the same way. Though you
may think it's easier to just ask her
what she wants, saying, "Wanna have
sex?" may not give you the reaction
you expected. Instead, if you really
want to know if your girlfriend wants
to have sex with you, you should pay
attention to what she says and how
she acts to get the big picture. If you
want to know how to tell if your lady
is ready to get intimate, just follow
these steps.

1 : If your
girlfriend can't keep her hands
off of you and is always touching
you, has her arms around you, or
wants you to hold her hand, put
your arm around her, or even
drape her across your lap, then
she may be ready for more. If
her actions have been getting
more sexual -- like if she's
touching your manhood through
your pants, or placing your hands
on her breasts -- then she may
be ready for something more.
If she's more physical
around you, then this means
she's probably more
comfortable around you.
And she'll only have sex with
you if she feels comfortable
with you.
See how she dances with
you. Does she get closer to
your body than ever? She
may be trying to tell you
something.

 2:  If suddenly, your
girlfriend's friends are nowhere
to be found, and she wants to
spend a lot of time alone with
you, in one of your homes or
bedrooms, then it's likely that she
wants to get intimate -- to some
degree. If she wasn't ready for
sex, then she'd be more likely to
avoid any uncomfortable
situations where you're completely
alone and wanting more than she
can give you.

How to Use a Condom

Condoms can become brittle
and more likely to break if you
don’t store them correctly.
Condoms that are exposed to heat
or light are more likely to tear. [1]
Don’t keep condoms in your
back pocket, wallet, or
glovebox. If you think you
may get lucky, put a couple
in your wallet or car right
before you hit the town.
Don’t leave them there for
days or weeks.
Store condoms in a cool, dry
place, away from direct
sunlight.
Keep condoms in their
wrappers until you’re ready
to use them.

 


Before you purchase
condoms, check the expiration
date printed on the box. You
should also double check the date
stamped on the wrapper before
you use it. If it’s expired, toss it
out. Never use an expired condom.
It could tear or fail. [2]
Check out the wrapper for
any signs of obvious rips or
tears. If the package is torn
or ripped, toss the condom
out and use a new one.
If the condom is sticky,
brittle, or looks discolored,
toss it out and use a new
one.
            Men
produce fluid known as pre-
ejaculate (“pre-cum”) that can
transmit STDs and, in some cases,
contains sperm that can lead to
pregnancy (though this is
unlikely). Before you play, wrap it
up. [4]
You should also put on a
condom before oral sex, anal
sex, or oral-anal contact.
You can contract an STD
from oral sex, so it's
important to still use a
condom for these activities.
A condom can be cut open to
cover a woman's vulva during
oral sex or to cover the anus
during oral-anal contact.
You may also want to put on
a condom before mutual
masturbation. This will keep
fluids from getting on your
hands that could easily be
transmitted to your
partner's genitals or mouth.
If you are using a sex toy,
use a condom on the toy as
well. The materials used to
make some of the toys are
not always safe to use in
your body (like plastics
containing phthalates). It
can be hard to keep toys
clean, meaning bacteria can
build up, especially on toys
made of porous materials.




         Push the condom away from the
edge you plan to tear, and use
the easy-tear edges. These are
the zig-zag edges on either side
of the wrapper that are designed
to tear apart quickly and easily.
Don't get carried away in
your passion. Don't shred
open the foil, and stay away
from scissors, teeth,
machetes, or any other
sharp instrument to open a
condom wrapper, or you
could tear the condom itself!
A torn condom won’t protect
against pregnancy or STDs.
[5]
If it's your last condom and
you destroy it, party's over!


       This can be
difficult to do, particularly if
you’re in the dark. However,
checking by sight is the safest
way to determine which way the
condom is rolled, so you don't risk
unrolling it too far or tearing it
with your fingers. If the condom
is right-side-out, there will be a
lip or rim on the edge. If it's
inside-out, the edge will be
smooth. You can use your fingers
to help you: [6]
Place the condom on your
thumb, but don't unroll it.
Let it balance there like a
little hat.
Run your pointer finger
down the side of the
condom, from the tip to the
edge.
If your finger catches on
the rim, it is right-side-out.
If your finger slides
smoothly off the rim, then
it is inside-out.
If the condom is inside out,
hold the rim of the condom
with the inside-out tip
pointing towards your mouth.
Blow on the tip to invert it
and turn it right-side-out.
Cautionary tale: don't unroll
the condom, as unraveling it
will reduce the condom's
efficacy—and make it
frustratingly difficult to put
on.
         Tie the open
end in a knot to prevent spillage.
Wrap it in toilet paper or tissue,
and throw it in a trash can. [41]
Don’t flush condoms down
the toilet. Most septic
systems can’t handle them,
and they may clog up the
toilet. [42]
Don’t reuse female condoms.
Sure, they’re expensive —
but accidental pregnancy or
an STD costs way more.


كيف تحصل أشجار عيد الميلاد شكلها المعتاد

Christmas trees don't magically, or
genetically, aspire to a perfectly
peaked shape but rather take six to
eight years of careful pruning.



ANDREAS RENTZ/GETTY IMAGES
During the final month of the year —
and often, much sooner — vast
numbers of harvested trees begin
their migration indoors, where they
are festooned with ribbon, garland,
ornaments and lights.
Although these trees are grown in the
spirit of Christmas, they don't
magically, or genetically, aspire to a
perfectly peaked shape. "Once the
trees reach about 3 to 4 feet (1 to
1.2 meters) in height, we begin a
process called 'shearing,'" said Ben
Butler, farm and finance manager of
Butler's Orchard in Germantown,
Maryland, in an interview with the
American Farm Bureau Foundation
for Agriculture. "After the trees
grow in the spring and their new
growth begins to harden off, our
crews go through the trees one at a
time and help guide the shape of the
tree using a very long and sharp
knife."
The most common types of Christmas
trees are Douglas fir, Canaan fir,
Fraser fir and several species of
spruce or pine. However, out of the
630 species of conifers in the world,
the majority don't actually grow in a
strictly triangular shape, so trimming
is a crucial task when growing those
specimens meant to become Christmas
trees. This pruning process must
continue every summer until the trees
reach a marketable age, which usually
takes six to eight years.
Have a look at the tree shearing
process in this video from Glove
Hollow Christmas Tree Farm in
Plymouth, New Hampshire:
Historical Tradition
So why do Christmas celebrants
demand pyramidal trees during the
holidays? The notions behind much of
the world's traditional Christmas
décor originated in northern Europe,
particularly Germany, where enduring
images and tales from the mid-19th
century still ensure sugarplums are
dancing through our heads and that
our Christmas trees are conical.
In that part of the world, evergreen
trees are pyramid-shaped for good
reason: Each needle-leaf layer has a
better opportunity to gather sunlight
for photosynthesis if the sun isn't
blocked by wide top layers. This tiered
arrangement allows the trees to
shake off heavy snowfall, and the
wide spaces between branches let the
winds whip through without causing
massive damage.

Bugs Bunny Designer Bob Givens Dies at 99

 RIP BOB GIVENS




Robert “Bob” Givens, an animator whose
long and celebrated career brought him
through the gamut of 20th century
animation milestones from Walt Disney’s
Snow White, to the first Bugs Bunny
cartoon, to Hanna-Barbera’s Quick
Draw McGraw , died on December 14 at
St. Joseph’s Hospital in Burbank at age
99. His death was announced by his
daughter, Mariana Givens, on Facebook.
Givens graduated high school in southern
California in 1936, working as a
freelance artist for a year before
joining the Walt Disney Studio. He was an
animation checker on several shorts
before joining the team of Disney’s
groundbreaking feature Snow White and
the Seven Dwarfs (1937).
Givens then joined Warner Bros., where
he worked under legends Chuck Jones
and Tex Avery. One of Givens’ biggest
career moments came in 1940, when
Avery asked him to review designs of a
new character — a grey rabbit that was
coming across “too cute” for the
slapstick cartoons. Givens went on to
create the first official design for Bugs
Bunny, now the iconic lead character of
the Looney Tunes franchise, in the
Merrie Melodies short A Wild Hare .
Ironically, after completing WB short
The Draft Horse (1942), Givens was
drafted into World War II, working on
military training films as part of his
service. He returned to WB in the ‘50s,
working as a layout artist until the
studio shuttered in 1954. Givens went on
to work at various studios including UPA
and Hanna-Barbera, then followed
other former WB staff to the newly
formed DePatie-Freleng shop. As WB
continued evolving, Given cycled through
top studios and returned to Bugs’ home
base when the studio reformed.
Givens worked with Jones one last time
on Chuck’s 2001 direct-to-video feature
Timber Wolf ; Jones died the following
year and Givens afterward mostly
retired from the field, although he
continued to teach and give talks into
his 90s.
  The latest works of Bob Giffens
قصة موت الفيلسوف الحكيم سقراط

قصة موت الفيلسوف الحكيم سقراط

ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ... ﺇﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ..
ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺭﺟﻞ ﺃﻋﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ
ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ .. ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻗﺼﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ
ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ..
ﺧﻤﺴﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻗﺎﺽ ﻭﻗﺎﺽ ﺟﻠﺴﻮﺍ ، ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻻﺧﺮ ،
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺝ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻄﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺼﺮ ،
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺘﻬﻢ ، ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺎً ﺑﻜﺎﺗﺒﻪ
ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺱ . ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺝ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﺳﻴﻀﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻩ ﺍﺣﻜﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ .
ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻨﻴﻪ . ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ
ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻀﻮﺭ . ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻘﺲ ، ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻼً ، ﻣﻤﺎ ﺍﺩﺧﻞ
ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻴﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻧﻔﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻭﺟﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﻳﺄﻣﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﺠﻠﺴﺔ
ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺮﺑﻚ ﻣﺠﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﻣﻄﺮ ﻳﻬﻄﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﻭ
ﺑﺮﺩ ﻳﻌﻄﻞ ﺗﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻻﻓﻜﺎﺭ . ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﺑﺪﺍ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩ
ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻐﺮﺏ ﺑﻞ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻒ
، ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ، ﻓﻠﻨﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻧﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺛﻴﻨﺎ ، ﻓﻲ ﺻﺒﺎﺡ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﺻﺒﺤﺔ ﺭﺑﻴﻊ ﻋﺎﻡ 399 ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ .
ﺍﺛﻴﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ ، ﺗﻌﻴﺶ
ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻋﺼﻴﺒﺔ ، ﻟﻘﺪ ﻫﺰﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺳﺒﺎﺭﻃﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺩﺍﻣﺖ
ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻌﺎً ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ، ﻭﻓﺮﺿﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺷﺮﻭﻃﺎً
ﻗﺎﺳﻴﺔ . ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ " ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺒﺪﺍً " ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺣﺪ
ﺍﺑﻨﺎﺋﻬﺎ ، ﻛﺮﻳﻨﻴﺎﺱ ، ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻻﺛﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺬ
ﻭﻗﺖ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺒﻌﻴﺪ . ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ
. ﻛﺜﺮﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﻘﺎﺩ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﺩﺕ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ
ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻇﻠﺖ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺛﻴﻨﺎ ، ﻭﻋﺪﺩﻫﻢ
ﺳﺘﺔ ﺍﻻﻑ ، ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﻋﻮﻥ ﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﺍﺧﺒﺎﺭﻫﻢ
ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎً ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ . ﻭﻫﻢ ﻳﻮﺯﻋﻮﻥ ، ﺑﻌﺪ
ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ، ﻓﻲ ﺍﺛﻨﺘﻲ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ
ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﻤﺴﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻗﺎﺽ ﻭﻗﺎﺽ .
ﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺷﻴﺦ ﺫﻭ ﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﺛﻴﺎﺏ ﺭﺛﺔ . ﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﺑﻦ
ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﻓﺮﻭﻧﻴﺴﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻼ ﺭﻳﺖ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻘﺐ
ﺑﺴﻘﺮﺍﻁ . ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ؟ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﺗﻬﻤﻪ ﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ، ﻭﻳﺪﻋﻰ
ﻣﻠﻴﺘﻮﺱ ، ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﻬﻪ ﻭﺑﺎﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺷﻴﺎﻃﻴﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ
ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﺔ . ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻬﻤﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻖ
ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺕ . ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﻫﺬﺍ ؟ ﺍﻧﻪ ﺭﺟﻞ ﺑﻠﻎ
ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮﻩ ، ﻗﺒﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﺮ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺣﻈﻴﻦ
ﻭﺍﻧﻔﻌﻪ ﺍﻻﻓﻄﺲ ﻭﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﺊ ﻧﺎﻫﻴﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺛﻴﺎﺑﻪ
ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻄﻒ ﺻﻮﻓﻲ ﻻ ﺍﺯﺭﺍﺭ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻻ
ﺣﺰﺍﻡ . ﻭﻓﻮﻕ ﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ، ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻤﺸﻲ ﺍﻻ ﺣﺎﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﻴﻦ ، ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ . ﻭﻟﺪ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﺛﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ 469 ﻕ . ﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺖ
ﻭﻋﺒﺜﺎً ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﺑﻮﺍﻩ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ . ﻛﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻻ
ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺍﺭ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ
ﺩﺍﻋﻴﺎً ﺍﻳﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻞ . ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺠﻮﺏ
ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻳﻔﻘﻬﻬﻢ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ . ﻭﺍﺛﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ
ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ، ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ
ﻭﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﻼﻕ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ
ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﻳﺘﻘﺎﺿﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻬﻢ
ﺍﺗﻌﺎﺑﺎً ﺑﺎﻫﻈﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻻﺣﻴﺎﻥ . ﺍﻣﺎ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﻓﻜﺎﻥ
ﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﺑﻴﻊ ﻓﻜﺮﻩ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ
ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﻮﻣﻴﺔ ، ﻭﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ، ﻧﻤﻂ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ . ﻭﻏﻨﻰ
ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻥ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﺎً ﺍﺛﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻛﺎﻻﺧﺮﻳﻦ
. ﻓﻬﻮ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺄﺑﻪ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻻﺭﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻭﺍﺟﺔ
ﻭﺍﻧﺠﺎﺑﻪ ﺛﻼﺛﻪ ﺍﻭﻻﺩ ﺑﻞ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﻐﻞ
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ . ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺟﻌﻠﻪ ﻏﺎﻣﻀﺎً ، ﺑﻞ ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺳﺨﺮﻳﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﻴﺎﻥ . ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻥ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺪﻡ
ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻣﺮﻩ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻊ
ﻣﺤﺎﻭﺭﻳﻪ ﺍﻥ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﻌﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺿﻤﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ . ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﻟﻢ ﺗﺮﻕ ﻟﻠﺒﻌﺾ ، ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻭﺻﻠﺘﻪ ﻻﻥ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ
ﺍﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ، ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﻪ " ﻳﻔﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﺒﺔ ﻭﻻ
ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ . "
ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺴﺔ ، ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻤﺎﺕ
ﺍﻧﺬﺍﻙ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻻﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ، ﻭﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻋﻲ
ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﻣﻠﻴﺘﻮﺱ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻔﺎﺳﺪ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ . ﻭﺍﻋﻘﺒﻪ ﻣﺪﻋﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺧﺮﺍﻥ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻧﻴﺘﻮﺱ
ﻭﻛﻠﻬﻢ ﻃﻠﺒﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ " ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﺮ
. " ﻭﻻﻧﻴﺘﻮﺱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺒﺮﺭ ﺍﺧﺮ ﻟﻼﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ
ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺑﻨﻪ ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻼﻣﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﻭ "
ﻣﻀﻠﻼً ﺑﻪ " ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺍﻧﺸﻐﺎﻟﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺻﻨﻌﻪ ﺍﺑﻴﻪ
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻠﻮﺩ . ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻥ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ
ﺗﻬﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺍﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻫﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺨﻒ .
ﻭﻣﻦ ﺳﻮﺀ ﻃﺎﻟﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻮﺯ ﺍﻳﻀﺎً ، ﺍﻥ ﻛﺮﻳﺘﻴﺎﺱ ،
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﻟﺴﺒﺎﺭﻃﺔ ، ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ
ﺗﻼﻣﻴﺬﻩ ، ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ . ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫﻩ
ﻛﺮﻳﺘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻤﻘﻮﺗﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺘﻨﻌﻬﻢ ﺗﻼﻣﺬﻩ
ﻟﻪ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻧﻔﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ
ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻧﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ . ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﺧﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ، ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻥ
ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ، ﺑﺄﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺗﻪ ، ﺑﺪﺃ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺷﺨﺼﺎً
ﻣﺰﻋﺠﺎً ، ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ ، ﺑﻞ ﻟﻼﺑﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻯ
ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺍﺑﻨﺎﺀﻩ ﻳﺨﺮﺟﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﻭﻳﻠﺤﻘﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ.
ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻼﻣﻬﻢ ، ﺟﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﺭ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻬﻢ . ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺛﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ
ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻬﻢ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎً ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ .
ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ، ﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻓﺎً ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻠﻘﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ
ﻭﺗﺤﻔﻴﻈﻪ ﺍﻳﺎﻩ ﻋﻦ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻗﻠﺐ . ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ
ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﺮﻗﻪ ﺍﻻﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﻻ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ . ﺑﺪﺃ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ
ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻪ ﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻢ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ، ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﻮﻡ ،
ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ، ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﻗﺸﺖ
ﻭﺣﺎﻭﺭﺕ ، ﻭﺍﻧﻤﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺟﻬﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻔﻘﻬﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ
ﺷﻴﺌﺎً ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻧﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ . ﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﻥ
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺷﻴﺌﺎً ﻭﻫﻢ ، ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ
، ﻻﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺍﻱ ﺷﺊ . ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﺎﻓﺄﻧﻲ ﺍﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﻲ ﻻ
ﺍﻋﺮﻑ . ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﺑﺘﺤﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ
ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﺕ . ﻭﺃﻥ ﻓﻌﻠﻮﺍ ﻓﺎﻧﻬﻢ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺠﺪﻭﺍ ﻣﺜﻠﻪ
ﻭﺳﻴﻐﺮﻗﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﻻﺛﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺑﺪﻱ . ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ
ﻟﻢ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﺍ ﻓﺴﻴﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎً
ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻭﺣﻰ ﻟﻪ ﺿﻤﻴﺮﻩ . ﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﺪﺭ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﻋﻄﻒ
ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻩ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻬﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺛﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻣﺎﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ . ﻟﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﺟﻠﺲ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻱ
ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ . ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻩ ، ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﺪﺃﻭﺍ ﻳﻨﺰﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺝ
ﻟﻴﻀﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺣﻜﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ . ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻭﻟﻲ . ﺍﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺗﺠﺮﻳﻢ ﺍﻭ
ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺠﺮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻬﻢ .
ﻗﻀﺖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﺘﺠﺮﻳﻢ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﺑﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺻﻮﺍﺕ 281 : ﺻﻮﺗﺎً ﺿﺪ . 220 ﻭﻳﻘﺘﻀﻰ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺛﻴﻨﻲ ، ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ، ﺍﻥ ﻳﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻬﻢ
ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺮﺍﻫﺎ ، ﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ . ﻭﻗﻒ
ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺮﻩ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺘﻌﻬﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺔ !
ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺐ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﺡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ
ﺭﺃﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻼﻣﻪ ﺗﻬﻜﻤﺎً ﻭﺳﺨﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ
ﻭﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﻦ . ﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ
ﺍﺛﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﻋﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﻴﺸﺘﻬﻢ
ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻻﺋﻖ ﻭﻛﺮﻳﻢ .
ﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﻛﻼﻡ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ، ﺣﺘﻰ ﻗﺮﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻥ
ﻳﺼﺘﻮﺍ ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ .
ﻧﺰﻟﻮﺍ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻭﺻﻮﺗﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻪ
ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ . ﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻨﻘﺬﻫﺎ ﺑﺘﺼﺮﻑ
ﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻛﺪ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺕ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﺱ
.
ﻣﻀﻰ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ . ﺍﻣﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ
ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﻬﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻻﺋﺤﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺨﻠﻮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺑﻨﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ : ﺗﺠﺮﻉ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻢ ﻳﺤﻀﺮ ﺧﺼﻴﺼﺎً ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ
. ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ . ﺟﺎﺀﻩ ﻛﺮﻳﺘﻮﻥ ، ﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻼﻣﺬﺗﻪ
ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﺼﻴﻦ ، ﻋﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻦ ،
ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺘﺪﺑﺮ ﻛﺮﻳﺘﻮﻥ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺭﺷﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺱ ، ﻓﺮﻓﺾ
ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﻗﺎﺋﻼً ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺏ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻨﻬﺎ ، ﺣﺘﻰ
ﻭﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓ .
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ ،
ﺍﻣﻀﺎﻩ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﺑﻬﺪﻭﺀ ﺃﺩﻫﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﺍﺱ
ﻭﻧﺰﻻﺀ . ﺍﻣﺎ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺍﺑﻘﻲ ﺷﻬﺮﺍً ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻳﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﻣﺼﻴﺮﻩ ،
ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﺪﺍﻡ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ
ﻣﺴﻤﻮﺣﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺬﺍﻙ ﺍﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺩﻳﻠﻮﺱ .
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ، ﺗﺠﻤﻬﺮ ﺗﻼﻣﺬﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻦ ﻭﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺯﻭﺟﺘﻪ . ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺭﺃﺗﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺱ
ﻳﻔﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺻﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪﺍً ﻟﻼﻋﺪﺍﻡ ، ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﺟﻬﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻜﺎﺀ
ﻭﻧﺘﻔﺖ ﺷﻌﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﻣﺰﻗﺖ ﺛﻴﺎﺑﻬﺎ:
- ﺍﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺯﻭﺟﻲ ! ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﺧﺮ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺗﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺗﺮﻯ
ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀﻙ ! .. ﺗﺄﺛﺮ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﻭﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺬﻫﺐ
. ﺛﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺖ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻪ ﻭﺑﺪﺃ ﻳﺤﺪﺛﻬﻢ ﻭﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺶ
ﻭﺍﻳﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺕ
ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ .... ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ، ﺍﺫ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻼﺩ ﻳﻘﺎﻃﻌﻪ :
- ﻻ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍً ﻳﺎ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ، ﻭﺍﻻ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻢ
ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻪ ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﻳﻨﻔﻌﻞ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ
ﻟﻠﺠﻼﺩ:
- ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻻ ﺗﻀﻊ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ؟ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﻬﻨﺘﻚ .
ﻭﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻼﻣﺬﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻨﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﺧﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻋﺠﺎﺑﻬﻢ ﻭﺩﻫﺸﺘﻬﻢ . ﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ
ﺍﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺮﺍﺋﺰﻩ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺎﻭﻓﻪ . ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ
ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻢ ، ﺩﺧﻞ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ
ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﺤﻢ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ :
- ﺍﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻭﻓﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺟﺜﺔ ﻣﻴﺖ . ﻃﺎﻝ
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻼﺩ ﻳﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ . ﻭﻟﻤﺎ ﺧﺮﺝ
ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ، ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺏ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻼﺩ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﺄﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻢ .
ﻗﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ :
- ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﺍﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﻚ ﻟﻦ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻨﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻭﻥ
. ﺍﻧﺖ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻗﺪﺭﻙ .
- ﻣﺮﺣﻰ ﻟﻚ ! ﻫﻴﺎ . ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻓﻌﻞ ؟
- ﻻ ﺷﺊ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻉ . ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ
ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺜﻘﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﻗﻴﻚ ، ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ
ﻳﺘﻮﻻﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ .
ﻭﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﻭﺗﺠﺮﻋﻪ ﺩﻓﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﻜﻞ
ﻫﺪﻭﺀ . ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﺗﻼﻣﺬﺗﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮﻫﻢ ﻓﺎﻧﻔﺠﺮﻭﺍ
ﻳﺠﻬﺸﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻜﺎﺀ ﻣﺜﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻏﻀﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ :
- ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ؟ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﻣﺮﺕ ﺯﻭﺟﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺣﻴﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ
ﺃﺭﻯ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻥ ﺃﻣﻮﺕ
ﺑﺼﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻮﻉ . ﻓﺘﻤﺎﻟﻜﻮﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮﻛﻢ .
ﻭﺻﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻓﻮﺭﺍً . ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﻛﻤﺎ
ﺍﺷﺎﺭ ﺟﻼﺩﻩ . ﻭﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻼﺩ ﻳﻘﻴﺪ ﺭﺟﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﻪ :
- ﻫﻞ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺸﻲﺀ؟
- ﻛﻼ
ﻭﻃﻔﻖ ﺍﻟﺠﻼﺩ ﻳﺸﺮﺡ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺿﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺕ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ
ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻠﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻄﻦ.
ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺷﻌﺮ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﺑﻬﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺩﺓ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺑﻄﻨﻪ ،
ﺍﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﺺ ﻛﺮﻳﺘﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﻟﻴﻘﻮﻝ
ﻟﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺕ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ :
- ﻛﺮﻳﺘﻮﻥ ، ﻓﻲ ﺫﻣﺘﻨﺎ ﺩﻳﻚ ﻻ ﻳﺴﻜﻮﻻﺏ . ﺍﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻪ
ﺛﻤﻨﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻧﻘﺎﺵ .
- ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﺪﻱ . ﻫﻞ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺷﻴﺌﺎً ﺍﺧﺮ ؟
ﻟﻢ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ . ﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﻏﻤﻀﺖ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﻩ ...
" ﺩﻳﻚ ﻻﻳﺴﻜﻮﻻﺏ " ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺑﻬﺎ
ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ . ﻟﻢ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺳﺨﺮﻳﺎﺗﻪ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﻬﺔ ، ﺣﺘﻰ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺷﻚ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻤﻮﺕ ! ﻭﻣﺎ
ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻪ ؟ ﺍﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭ ؟ ﺍﻟﻴﺲ
ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺮﺩﺩ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎً ؟
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻮﺗﻪ ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺅﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺩﺉ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﺮ ﺑﺄﺑﺮﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻪ ، ﻛﺎﻧﺖ
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺭﺟﻞ ﺃﻋﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ
ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ...
ﺣﻜﻢ ﻭ ﺃﻗﻮﺍﻝ ﻟﺴﻘﺮﺍﻁ : ــ
ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻻﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻭﺟﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺔ
ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﻭﻫﻢ ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺝ ﻻ
ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ .
ﻛﻞ ﺍﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﺪﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻟﺪﺓ
ﻭﺳﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺳﺎﻣﻴﺔ .
ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﺃﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻃﻔﻞ.
ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻋﺮﻓﻪ ﺃﻧﻲ ﻻﺃﻋﺮﻑ.
ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺍﺝ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻌﺰﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺩﻋﻮﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﻘﺮﺭ
ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻨﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ .
ﻛﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ.
ﻛﻦ ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺻﺪﺍﻗﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻘﺪﻫﺎ ﻛﻦ
ﺣﺎﺯﻣﺎ ﻭﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎ.
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﺒﺪ ﻗﺼﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﻣﺪ.
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻏﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻏﺮﺍﺀ ﻗﺼﻴﺮ ﻟﻼﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺮﻳﻤﺎ
ﺍﻛﺜﺮ.
ﺇﺣﺬﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.
ﺗﺰﻭﺝ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻭﻓﻘﺖ ﺍﺳﻌﺪﺕ ﻭﺍﻻ ﺍﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻓﺎ .
ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﻧﻌﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ.
ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻞ ﻭﻗﺘﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺟﻤﻌﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻨﺎﺀ.
ﺍﻟﻜﺬﺏ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺷﺮﻳﺮﺍ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺠﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺲ.
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺗﻠﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻉ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻻﻳﻬﺮﺏ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻘﻒ
ﻟﻴﻘﺎﺗﻞ ﺍﻻﻋﺪﺍﺀ.
ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺘﻨﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ.
ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺣﻜﻤﺔ ﻻﻧﻲ ﻻ ﻋﺮﻑ
مواقف المحور الأول مفهوم التاريخ

مواقف المحور الأول مفهوم التاريخ

ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻲ:
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ ﻣﻴﺘﺎﻓﻴﺰﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻤﻮﺱ، ﺑﻞ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ، ﻛﺎﺋﻦ
ﻳﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ، ﻭﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ: ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ، ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ، ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ …،
ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ: " ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ "، ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺜﻴﺮ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ
ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ، ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ، ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻧﺠﺪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺭﺧﻮﻥ
ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺨﺬﻫﺎ، ﻭﺃﺧﻴﺮﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﻳﺘﺨﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ، ﻭﻫﻲ
ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ :
ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ... ؟
ﻫﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ؟ ﺃﻡ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ... ؟
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ؟ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻡ
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ... ؟
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ: ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ:
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻳﺜﻴﺮ
ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻻ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﻰ ﻭﻭﻟﻰ،
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻛﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ، ﻭ ﻣﻦ
ﺛﻤﺔ ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ؟
ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺭﻳﻤﻮﻥ ﺃﺭﻭﻥ R. Aron :
ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ
ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﺨﻄﻮﻃﺎﺕ
ﻭﻭﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ، ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ
ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ،
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ
ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻫﻢ، ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ
ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ، ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ
ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻛﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ،
ﻭﺑﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺃﻭﺿﺢ، ﺳﺘﻈﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮﻭﻥ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ
ﻋﺎﺷﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﺤﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ
ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻫﻢ .
ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺑﻮﻝ ﺭﻳﻜﻮﺭ P. Ricœur
ﻓﻴﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻊ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﺟﺎ ﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ
ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ، ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺆﺭﺥ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﻄﻖ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ
ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ، ﻟﻴﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺪﺙ.
ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﻏﺎﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﻏﺮﺍﻧﺠﻲ G. Granger
:
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ، ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺍﻹﺑﻴﺴﺘﻴﻤﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﺟﻴﻞ ﻏﺎﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﻏﺮﺍﻧﺠﻲ G. Granger ﺃﻧﻪ
ﻻ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ، ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ،
ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ، ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ
ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ... ، ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺘﺄﺭﺟﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺭﺥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎ
ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺒﻨﻰ ﺃﺣﺪﺍ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ، ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﺎ
ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﺍ، ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻻ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ
ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ، ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ، ﻓﺎﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻏﺮﺍﻧﺠﻲ ﻟﻴﺲ
ﻋﻠﻤﺎ، ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﺭﺟﺤﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ، ﻓﻤﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﺰﻭﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺏ
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ، ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﻱ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺏ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ
ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ، ﺃﻭ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ، ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﻮﻟﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ
ﺭﻏﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺰﻉ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ
ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ